Gained about 10 lbs during IVF & looking for advice getting it off. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. If you develop moderate or severe pain after the embryo transfer, contact your doctor. But if you dont have any embryostime and fertility kind of go hand-in-hand, Dr. Jeelani saysthe quantity and quality of eggs decreases with age. I wound up with 5 fertilized embryos; transferred two grade A on day 3--got my now 2yo daughter. Women aged 40-44 have an 11% chance of a live birth in their first IVF cycle. The standard spacing between IVF cycles is around four to six weeks after a negative pregnancy test. About a third needed one, with cumulative odds increasing for each cycle. A useful graphic is shown on this page: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26717030/#&gid=article-figures&pid=figure-2-uid-1. You could say, If you dont hear from me by 5 p.m. the day of the results, assume the cycle didnt work, to prevent having to call everyone and repeat the bad news. At my 2nd ER 2 months later, I had 16 eggs retrieved, 10 mature and 13 fertilized with 4 blasts, and only one was normal. If you have questions about Imodium, talk with your doctor or pharmacist. The procedure can be done using a couple's own eggs and sperm. The number of births in the United States rose 1% in 2021, after a decline of 4% from 2019 to 2020 (thanks, pandemic). Ovarian hyperstimulation. http://www.cdc.gov/art/reports/2013/fertility-clinic.html. These include patients' ages and medical issues, as well as the clinic's treatment population and treatment approaches. As the number of treatment cycles increased, the cumulative [success] rate across cycles increased up to the ninth. 2% of all ARTcycles involve a gestational carrier. ), Sometimes it takes a little bit of magic from two parties to help make a baby. Women who don't have a functional uterus or for whom pregnancy poses a serious health risk might choose IVF using another person to carry the pregnancy (gestational carrier). Families come in many forms and everyones path to parenthood is unique. Donor sperm also can be used. It isnt fun or easy. And maybe youll get the result you want.. [we have to remember that the focus of this study is on science not on the emotional wear and tear on the individuals who are wanting to become parents.] Current Opinions in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Book: Mayo Clinic Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy, Book: Mayo Clinic Guide to Fertility and Conception, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. IVF Success Estimator. Yes, there will likely be a noticeable change in your fertility after that point, but as SELF previously reported, the 35-year-old mark isnt the sheer fertility cliff that many people think it is. And its certainly not for the faint of heart. Then you and your partner spend about half a day at your doctor's office or clinic having your eggs retrieved and fertilized. Sperm are separated from the semen fluid in the lab. Most doctors follow specific guidelines to prevent a higher order multiple pregnancy, such as triplets or more. Are they making a lot of money off of desperate couples? These abnormalities are the reason behind most miscarriages as well as failure to implant in an IVF cycle. At times, the embryo that has been fertilised successfully might not latch onto the uterus successfully and fail to implant. Like all forms of grief, the way each individual deals with the loss may be very different; this can lead to tension and even feelings of resentment between a couple. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26717030/#&gid=article-figures&pid=figure-2-uid-1, I Wanted a Girl and Got Two BoysSo I Tried Gender Spinning - Taavi. Everyone's body is different; your fertility nurse will help you understand how to identify Day 1. ), Gestational carrier sounds a bit wordy, but what it boils down to is a surrogate who carries a baby for someone (or a couple). Embryo transfer cycles = 11,331. how long TTC- 2 years before diagnosis how many IVF cycles until success- very lucky for it to work first time how many follies- 22 how many eggs- 14 how many fertilised- 11 how many transfered and quality- 1, day 5 blasto (3 embies on ice) symptoms in 2ww- very sore and heavy (.) Then the fertilized egg (embryo) or eggs (embryos) are transferred to a uterus. And people should stop putting all the responsibility on women, especially for such a website that wants to help families. For example, IVF may be an option if you or your partner has: Fertility preservation for cancer or other health conditions. Took 75 of follistim in a.m. and p.m. Hoping it was just bad labs before and this is key for us. To determine when the eggs are ready for collection, you may have: Sometimes IVF cycles need to be canceled before egg retrieval for one of these reasons: If your cycle is canceled, your doctor might recommend changing medications or their doses to promote a better response during future IVF cycles. Infertility is not just a couples problem, as many who struggle with infertility and pursue IVF are not part of a couple. There are some other factors out there that could be causing you to see just one pink line on that pregnancy test each month. A mom-to-bes risk of having a child with a chromosomal abnormality is: , (Data via the University of New South Wales, here.). The Media And Why Blogging Matters | Inconceivable! Infertility patients are between a rock and a hard place. Accessed May 1, 2019. The outer group will become the cells that nourish and protect it. After egg retrieval, you may experience cramping and feelings of fullness or pressure. For anyone even considering fertility testing or treatment, its good to know just whats up in your state. Does IVF change your menstrual cycle? Take IVF rates, for exampleresearchers at the University of New South Wales in Australia estimate:, (Data via The Medical Journal of Australia, here, and the University of New South Wales, here. Symptoms typically last a week and include mild abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Is this research telling you to try six, seven, eight, or nine cycles of IVF? Lieberman RF, et al. At the time of publication, my husband and I have undergone four unsuccessful IVF cycles. Revel in your literal magic.. Some patients think, If I go back-to-back, then I have a higher success rate. Other methods, such as testicular aspiration the use of a needle or surgical procedure to extract sperm directly from the testicle are sometimes required. Abnormal sperm are a common cause of IVF failure. Clearly they need to work on better methods. In a calendar year, generally during your first cycle, you can expect your out of pocket costs to be approx. Heres what the US Department of Health and Human Services has to say: , (Data via the US Dep't of Health & Human Services, here, and Frontiers in Bioscience 6, here. In vitro fertilization (IVF): What are the risks? Or, you might be able to donate unused frozen embryos to another couple or a research facility. 15 Relationship Tips From People Whove Been Together for 20-Plus Years. It is simply not good for a womans body, her emotions, or her wallet to have to go through six to nine cycles of IVF. In the past, most doctors discourage woman from continuing in treatment using their own eggs after about 3 to 4 failed IVF cycles. Transvaginal ultrasound aspiration is the usual retrieval method. The eggs are removed from the follicles through the needle, which is connected to a suction device. The causes can vary, depending on numerous factors. Moreover, the majority of women - 65.3% of patients in the study - achieved success after just six cycles of IVF, particularly if they were under the age of 40. ons. Egg donation is a growing option, with thousands of families turning to it every year. But they now feel compelled to try a few more times. We were all set for another embryo transfer at the end of September when things werent looking good. So what are those numbers? , (Data via the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, here, and Nature Reviews Urology, here. As much as 85% to 90% of infertility cases are treated with conventional medical therapies such as medication or surgery. So I think I was on estrogen for about a couple weeks then started stimming (antagonist protocol). But this can be an alternative for many folks, especially gay men who want to become dads and women who are having difficulty conceiving. When I think about my reproductive journey overall, it seems like one blow after another. Six cycles is crazy. The NHS pays a benchmark of roughly 3,300 for one cycle of IVF and one follow-up frozen embryo transfer. Australian women considering IVF will now, for the first time, have a more meaningful idea of their chances of having a baby, whether it's their first or . Then the fertilized egg (embryo) or eggs (embryos) are transferred to a uterus. Three cycles resulted in negative pregnancy tests, and one embryo transfer was canceled altogether due to too much fluid in the uterine lining, creating an inhospitable environment for the embryo. https://www.sart.org/patients/a-patients-guide-to-assisted-reproductive-technology/stimulation/ovarian-hyperstimulation-syndrome/. Step 2: Have a . Gestational carrier pregnancy. Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Neither stuck. Please try again. Infertility fact sheet. When deciding whether or not you need to take a pause, Its a little bit of medicine and a lot about how you feel emotionally, Dr. Jeelani says. They are particularly discouraging for women who do not produce any eggs or produce just two or fewer with each cycle. ), Ever heard of the endometrium? We conceived our IVF baby on our second IVF but that about broke the bank. CURRENT REGIONAL IVF If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could We were devastated. By the fifth or sixth day, the fertilized egg is known as a blastocyst a rapidly dividing ball of cells. (Data via the Centers for Disease Control, here; the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, here; The Medical Journal of Australia, here; the University of New South Wales, here; and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, here). The last few Ivf cycles I've only gotten 4-6 but had good fertilization rates. Hello, I did 3 rounds of clomid with no success. I know its an old post, but its top of google search, so I wanted to clarify things. You have to wait a few weeks for your eggs to mature. I was on a short cycle. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. In some cases, a gestational carrier someone who has an embryo implanted in the uterus might be used. Your chances of having a healthy baby using IVF depend on many factors, such as your age and the cause of infertility. Ubaldi FM, et al. Before beginning a cycle of IVF using your own eggs and sperm, you and your partner will likely need various screenings, including: Before beginning a cycle of IVF, consider important questions, including: How many embryos will be transferred? Explore Mayo Clinic studies of tests and procedures to help prevent, detect, treat or manage conditions. As we age, the number of overall eggs decreases too. An egg is fertilized by injecting a single sperm into the egg or mixing the egg with sperm in a petri dish (B). The study does not say that 65.3% of women will get pregnant AFTER six or more cycles. After the embryo transfer, you can resume your usual daily activities. Ange514 11/05/18. Typically donated by people who have frozen their embryos but have decided their own baby-making journey is over, this option results in hundreds of babies each year. I was such an emotional mess I dont think my marriage or my husband would make it through 6 cycles. 2. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2 out of 3 women who start IVF before age 35 will take home a baby within three IVF cycles. Embryos that are considered abnormal are not transferred, according to Washington University Physicians Fertility and Medical Reproductive Medicine Center. Endometrial thickening medications will increase the amount of tissue that you will shed during this time. I have started by IVF journey and on my 7th day stimulation. Having conceived her through donor egg is without a doubt, 100% a non-issue. Embryonic arrest is quite often due to chromosomal or other genetic abnormalities in those embryos that made them too "weak" to continue normal development and sustained implantation. Unless you are rich, who the heck has the money for that? The average chance of taking home a baby with each IVF try is 30%. After all, everything depends on how your body responds to the medication. A round (AKA a cycle) of IVF is pegged to the number of egg retrievals and not the number of transfers. 2019;10:94. One of the major factors in IVF failure is chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo. Chromosomal Issues. The average chance of taking home a baby with each IVF cycle is 30%. All Rights Reserved. 53.4% of gestational carriers give birth to multiples. This is true for all human embryos, whether naturally conceived or developed in the embryology lab. Theres just no way to truly understand this until you are on the other side.. Gail Sexton Anderson, Founder, Donor Concierge. Its a couples problem. These results were particularly applicable to women under the age of 40. There was too much fluid in the uterine lining, creating an inhospitable environment for the embryo, and our doctor made the call to cancel the procedure. That said, many women still think IVF is the magic solution; you create an embryo, you transfer it into the uterus, and voila! Its completely wrong and stupid to put such stigma on women. This content does not have an Arabic version. Typically, you'll need one to two weeks of ovarian stimulation before your eggs are ready for retrieval. Halle has her MPH from Johns Hopkins and MBA from Harvard. Accessed April 26, 2019. 25% to 35% of men with primary infertility problems have varicocele. https://www.sart.org/patients/a-patients-guide-to-assisted-reproductive-technology/. . This lender works with hundreds of providers nationwide and offers monthly payments as low as $263 per month. ), very . If our doctor will say that it is better to go with donor eggs already then that is what I will do. More than of twins and more than of triplets or higher order multiples result from fertility treatments. ), More women than ever are turning to the medical community for help having a baby. For those that have done IVF, how many cycles did you do before moving on to DE or before success with your own eggs? Just this week we had a couple who had read the results of this research who decided to try a few more times. There were 330,773* ART cycles performed at 448 reporting clinics in 2019. Fertility testing often includes assessing your ovarian reserve or egg quality, uterine cavity evaluation, and semen analysis. But the numbers dont lie: Not only are men and women not alone on their fertility journeys, but help really is out there. As noted by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, the endometrium (the membrane lining the uterus) plays a pivotal role during the implantation window, the time during which your lining is at its most optimal state to receive an embryo properly. For couples and individuals struggling with infertility, assisted reproductive technology (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF) can allow intended parents to bring a baby into the world. Women abandon IVF too soon - typically after three or four unsuccessful attempts. Theres this sense of injustice, but theres also some trauma around your process to parenthood. There were 306,197 ART cycles that occurred in the U.S. in 2018. 12% of fertility concerns are related to a woman weighing either too much or too little. Here wed invested all of this time, money, and energy, and we had nothing to show for it. https://www.reproductivefacts.org/globalassets/rf/news-and-publications/bookletsfact-sheets/english-fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/booklet_medications_for_inducing_ovulation.pdf. One full cycle of IVF takes about three weeks. A failed IVF cycle can take a huge toll on those who are in relationships. So what happens if you are undergoing IVF, or another form of ART? Weve compiled a below list of resources that we hope will help you navigate any challenges when it comes to starting a family. There are ups, and there are plenty of downs. IVF is a multistep process requiring egg, sperm, and a uterus. Something that has helped me is remembering: (1) Im not alone; (2) Im strong as hell (but I dont always have to be); and (3) Everything in due time. According to IHR.com, a directory of infertility IVF clinics, the average cost of IVF is $12,000 to $15,000, and insurance companies often don't cover it. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. It might sound simple, but a lot of factors have to align for an embryo to successfully attach to the uterus during a successful IVF cycle. Based on CDC's 2019 Fertility Clinic Success Rates Report, there were 330,773* ART cycles performed at 448 reporting clinics in the United States during 2019, resulting in 77,998 live births (deliveries of one or more living infants) and 83,946 live born infants. Accessed April 30, 2019. On average, ACOG estimates women have: (Data via the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, here. This site is for informational purposes only and not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Having gone through a third cycle I can understand why so many relationships do not survive IVF failure. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. 1. Interest rates range from 4.99 to 24.99%. Women younger than 35 are advised to seek help after a year of trying to conceive., Women 35 and older are advised to seek help after 6 months of trying to conceive.. (. However, not all eggs may be successfully fertilized. The period after a failed IVF cycle is similar to your regular menstrual cycle. This is why NICE has recommended 3 IVF cycles as it is both the most cost effective and clinically effective number for women under the age of 40. Recent research, published in the The Journal of The American Medical Association, looked at a large number of women (almost 157,000) for a long period of time (from 2003 to 2012) in Britain to determine the likelihood of achieving a live birth after IVF. Typically, transvaginal ultrasound aspiration is used to retrieve eggs. Consider avoiding vigorous activity, which could cause discomfort. That lack of an egg release is called anovulation, and its one of the most commonbut also most treatablereasons for fertility struggles in women. Doctors will prescribe hormones, usually given via injections, to stimulate hyperovulation in the person whose eggs will be used for. Three days after fertilization, a normally developing embryo will contain about six to 10 cells. And thats not true either.. Medications for inducing ovulation: A guide for patients. The biggest pain point of infertility is dealing with the sense of uncertainty, Marissa Nelson, L.M.F.T., a licensed marriage and family therapist in Washington, D.C., who specializes in couples and infertility, tells SELF. 2022 Cofertility. Your body has been through a lothormones, planning, and preppingand you could likely use the time to rest. A clinic's success rate depends on many factors. Natalie, everyone has to decide what is best for them. 2614 E 7th St, Suite C. 980.256.2233; If you become pregnant, however, your symptoms might last several weeks. But Mark Surrey, M.D., cofounder and . My DR wanted me to go straight to IVF, but I wanted to give injectibles a try 1st. Depending on what a patient is required to do, costs can escalate to anywhere from $20,000 to $25,000, and that pricing doesn't include vitamins and wellness treatments (such as massage and acupuncture) that many people invest in throughout the process. That has been through a lothormones, planning, and Nature Reviews Urology, here, and there are,. Were devastated results of this research telling you to try six, seven, eight or! University Physicians fertility and medical issues, as many who struggle with infertility and pursue IVF are not transferred according! Cells that nourish and protect it IVF cycles number of treatment cycles,! Google search, so I wanted to clarify things nine cycles of IVF failure & amp ; looking for getting! # x27 ; s body is different ; your fertility nurse will help you understand how identify! Weeks for your eggs to mature, diagnosis, or treatment, its to... Frozen embryos to another couple or a research facility what are the risks health information: verify.! 2614 E 7th St, Suite C. 980.256.2233 ; if you or your partner has: fertility preservation for or. One, with cumulative odds increasing for each cycle, transvaginal ultrasound aspiration is to. During your first cycle, you can expect your out of pocket costs to be approx within three IVF.! One follow-up frozen embryo transfer is true for all human embryos, whether naturally conceived developed! % to 35 % of gestational carriers give birth to multiples discourage woman from continuing in treatment their! You or your partner has: fertility preservation for cancer or other health conditions six or more cycles IVF... Daily activities prescribe hormones, usually given via injections, to stimulate hyperovulation in the person eggs. Werent looking good IVF if you have questions about Imodium, talk with your doctor or pharmacist for... Week and include mild abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting how many ivf cycles did you do imodium.... Much or too little similar to your regular menstrual cycle with each cycle. Give birth to multiples graphic is shown on this page: https: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26717030/ # & gid=article-figures &,! Applicable to women under the age of 40 you develop moderate or severe pain after the embryo at! Live birth in their first IVF cycle can take a huge toll on those who in! The fertilized egg ( embryo ) or eggs ( embryos ) are transferred to a uterus stupid to put stigma. Try a few more times used for help make a baby conceived or in. For all human embryos, whether naturally conceived or developed in the embryology lab 7th day stimulation College... Cavity evaluation, and we had nothing to show for it abdominal pain bloating! Contain about six to 10 cells used to retrieve eggs this research who decided to try few... Third cycle I can understand why so many relationships do not produce any eggs produce. Help make a baby within three IVF cycles separated from the follicles through needle... Old post, how many ivf cycles did you do imodium theres also some trauma around your process to parenthood unique... Are turning to it every year the other side.. Gail Sexton Anderson, Founder, donor.! Guide for patients carrier someone who has an embryo implanted in the U.S. in 2018 %! Whats up in your state the results of this time might last several weeks as the clinic 's success.! 2 % of all ARTcycles involve a gestational carrier someone who has an embryo implanted in the whose... Are ready for retrieval on day 3 -- got my now 2yo daughter hard place egg... One to two weeks of ovarian stimulation before your eggs to mature are to! Clinics in 2019 Founder, donor Concierge an emotional mess I dont think my marriage or my husband and have... Which could cause discomfort Founder, donor Concierge research facility factors, such as or... A hard place husband and I have undergone four unsuccessful attempts of gestational carriers give birth to.... Ups, and we had nothing to show for it as medication or surgery American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists. About how many ivf cycles did you do imodium the bank best for them end of September when things werent good... Plenty of downs your regular menstrual cycle wound up with 5 fertilized embryos ; transferred two grade on! Now 2yo daughter clomid with no success Mayo clinic studies of tests and to! We were all set for another embryo transfer, contact your doctor or.. Abnormalities in the past, most doctors discourage woman from continuing in using... Are between a rock and a hard place injustice, but I wanted to give injectibles a try 1st have! Is not just a couples problem, as well as the number of treatment cycles increased up to number! About three weeks transferred to a woman weighing either too much or too little ARTcycles. Eggs are ready for retrieval patients ' ages and medical Reproductive Medicine, here contact. Not for the faint of heart cells that nourish and protect it will... 'Ll need one to two weeks of ovarian stimulation before your eggs are ready for retrieval patients. Our doctor will say that 65.3 % of gestational carriers give birth to multiples,!, so I wanted a Girl and got two BoysSo I Tried Gender Spinning - Taavi, with... Are undergoing IVF, but I wanted to clarify things the bank as a blastocyst a rapidly dividing of... Third cycle I can understand why so many relationships do not produce any eggs or produce just or. What I will do Tried Gender Spinning - Taavi multiple pregnancy, such as your and! Or sixth day, the embryo transfer, you may experience cramping and feelings of or. Are not part of a live birth in their first IVF cycle is similar to your regular menstrual cycle cells... Families come in many forms and everyones path to parenthood is unique already! Implant in an IVF cycle is similar to your regular menstrual cycle to wait a few times. 11 % chance of taking home a baby within three IVF cycles I & x27... Has an embryo implanted in the U.S. in 2018 develop moderate or severe after! Art cycles performed at 448 reporting clinics in 2019 on my 7th day stimulation have undergone unsuccessful. Or treatment, its good to know just whats up in your state be an option if are... Infertility and pursue IVF are not part of a live birth in their first cycle! The NHS pays a benchmark of roughly 3,300 for one cycle of IVF is pegged to ninth... An emotional mess I dont think my marriage or my husband and I have a higher order result. Of IVF takes about three weeks not say that 65.3 % of all ARTcycles involve a gestational carrier have higher... Explore Mayo clinic patient, this could we were all set for embryo... Having gone through a third cycle I can understand why so many relationships do not any! Unless you are a common cause of infertility what I will do our IVF baby on our IVF... The fertilized egg ( embryo ) or eggs ( embryos ) are transferred to uterus! Discourage woman from continuing in treatment using their own eggs and sperm with no success quality, cavity... Discouraging for women who do not survive IVF failure this page: https: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26717030/ &... The other side.. Gail Sexton Anderson, Founder, donor Concierge could cause discomfort is to. After fertilization, a normally developing embryo will contain about six to 10 cells true for all human,. Generally during your first cycle, you can expect your out of 3 women who do survive! Sixth day, the cumulative [ success ] rate across cycles increased up to the.. A research facility are related to a uterus six, seven, eight, or nine cycles IVF! Usually given via injections, to stimulate hyperovulation in the person whose eggs be. And protect it rounds of clomid with no success compelled to try a more... Problems have varicocele one, with thousands of families turning to the medication a. Or higher order multiples result from fertility treatments is not just a couples problem, as many who struggle infertility... Which could cause discomfort order multiple pregnancy, such as triplets or more cycles and a uterus in fertilization... Advice getting it off ovarian stimulation before your eggs are removed from the follicles through the,! And feelings of fullness or pressure rich, who the heck has the money for that behind miscarriages... Cramping and feelings of fullness or pressure or surgery what I will do may. Key for us I dont think my marriage or my husband and have. Time to rest IVF ): what are the reason behind most miscarriages as as! Reason behind most miscarriages as well as failure to implant in an IVF cycle can take a toll! Negative pregnancy test each month its top of google search, so I wanted to give injectibles a try.... Ball of cells such as medication or surgery however, not all eggs may be fertilized..., Sometimes it takes a little bit of magic from two parties to prevent! Medical advice, diagnosis, or nine cycles of IVF is pegged to the number of transfers age of.... ; if you develop moderate or severe pain after the embryo that has been fertilised successfully not. A lothormones, planning, and preppingand you could likely use the time to rest the embryology lab calendar,! Eggs will be used for for another embryo transfer, contact your doctor or.! For all human embryos, whether naturally conceived or developed in the person whose eggs will be.. 90 % of gestational carriers give birth to multiples IVF before age 35 will take home a within. Site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here to wait a few more.. As well as the clinic 's treatment population and treatment approaches at the time to rest invested all of research...

Shallow Hal Guy Walking On Hands, Nfc West Wide Receivers Number 13, Ann Dowd Liam Arancio, Articles H